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Beta-carotene is the most biologically active carotenoid of vitamin A (Axeroftol or Retinol). It functions as a potent anti-oxidant and hampers the oxidation of vitamin C. A molecule of beta-carotene is able to eliminate up to a 1,000 molecules of singlet oxygen (1O2). Beta-carotene associates to its free-radicals scavenger action an important function in potentiating the immune response. In fact, beta-carotene has shown to improve the function of natural killer cells, T and B lymphocytes.

Creatine is an aminoacid derivative (a-methyguanido acetic acid) that in the phosphorilated form  helps to supply energy to the muscle cells. Creatine contributes to increasing muscle strength, augmenting fibre muscle size without increasing body fat or fluid retention. Creatine helps reducing  body fatigue by decreasing the levels of  lactic acid during short and long-term exercises.

Glutamine peptide is the most abundant  amino acid in the bloodstream. It is converted in glutammic acid necessary to synthetize the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma aminobutiryc acid (GABA), and folic acid. Glutammic acid is an important metabolic factor in the production of body energy where it works in combination with vitamin B6, niacin (vitamin B3) and magnesium and constitutes an important component of the glucose tolerance factor.
Glutamine contributes to the regulation of nitrogen balance in the body, detoxifying the body from excess ammonia and reducing sugar craving.

L-Leucine is an essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid (BCAA) necessary for the growth and development of muscular tissues. L-Isoleucine, is an essential ramified amino acid as well, important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. Both are valuable for athletes because they increase endurance and aid in the healing and repair of muscle tissue.

Magnesium sulfate plays an important role in maintaining nerve impulses and nerve function, regulating the heart rate, promoting normal metabolic functions (it is involved in more than 300 enzymatic reactions), bone and teeth development, conversion of blood sugar into energy and regulation of the acid-base balance.

Maltodextrins are complex sugars derived from starch. They are made of several molecules of glucose and are important for the integration of sugars during medium and long term muscular activities. Maltodextrins are smaller and higher water-soluble molecules compared to glucose polymers, thus resulting in better digestion and absorbtion during physical activity. Maltodextrins gradually release glucose (contained in the polymer compound), providing source of energy in the long run and rebuilding of the glycogen supply.

Potassium chloride, one of the most abundant mineral in the human organism is involved in several processes including neurological and cardiac function, muscle and bone contraction, energy production, synthesis of nucleic acids, sugar metabolism and acid-base balance.

Taurine is an organic acid, derivative of the amino acid cysteine. It has been implicated in several physiological functions related to neuronal activities, including inhibitory neurotransmission, modulation of electric activities of the cell membranes to optimize the entry of nutrients and the removal of waste from the cells.  Taurine may also act as a potent detoxifier of metabolic waste accumulated during intense physical training. In sports activities, taurine has a beneficial effect on cardiac function, muscle contraction and physical recovery.

Valine is the third amino acid (along with L-Leucin and L-Isoleucin) of the ramified amino acid group (BCAA) and is also an essential amino acid. Valine has a stimulating effect and is necessary to normalize the nitrogen balance in the organism. Valine is fundamental for muscle metabolism, including tissue repair and growth. Since it is a ramified amino acid, it can be used as an energy source in the muscles and in doing so preserves the use of glucose.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) in the form of Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP), functions as a co-factor for enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of alpha -ketoacids, such as piruvic acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid and similar reactions that produce elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2), associated with oxidation. Vitamin B1 combined with adenosine triphosphate forms the Co-enzyme A, essential for metabolic functions. Thiamine plays an important role in helping the body to convert carbohydrates and fat into energy, maintaining the regular function of the cardiac, nervous, muscular and digestive systems and preventing fatigue. 

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) serves as component of two co-enzymes, Flavin Adenin Dinucleotide (FAD) and Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) of flavoproteins, fundamental for the degradation of various substrates (fatty acids, purines, etc) in oxidation-reduction processes. Vitamin B2  activates pyridoxin (vitamin B6), favoring the energetic use of nutrients, and maintaining the health of respiratory and digestive mucus membranes and blood vessels. Vitamin B2 combined with vitamin A preserves the integrity of the nervous system, epidermal tissues and exerts anti-oxidant function..

Vitamin B3 (Niacin or Nicotinic Acid, or Pellagra Preventing factor, Vitamin PP) includes the amid of nicotinic acid that has itself vitaminic properties. Niacin is necessary for the synthesis of Nicotinamide Adenin Dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide Adenin Dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) fundamental for oxidation-reduction processes. Vitamin B3 is involved in the DNA synthesis, stimulates energy formation from nutrients and acts in synergy with the vitamins of the complex B in the maintainance of normal metabolic reactions. 

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is needed for numerous enzymes involved in the synthesis and catabolism of proteins. In addition, vitamin B6 is necessary for the synthesis of D-aminolevulinic acid from succinyl–CoA and  glycine, first step in the synthesis of porphyrins and hemoglobin, thus important for red blood cells metabolism. Vitamin B6 stimulates the nervous and immune system functions, maintains the electrolytic balance and homeostasis, and is involved in the growth and repair of muscular tissues..

Vitamin B12 (Anti-pernicious Anemia Factor or Extrinsic Factor) is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins. Vitamin B12 includes several compounds such as
cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and the two coenzyme forms of B12, methylcobalamin (Me-B12) and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalamin-AdoB12). Vitamin B12 acts as coenzyme to regulate the DNA synthesis, stimulates the normal metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and protein synthesis. Vitamin B12 stimulates red blood cells formation, myelin production and the regular function of the nervous system.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) plays an essential role in the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine, folic acid, and iron. It is involved in oxidation-reduction processes and is required for the synthesis of collagen and tissue repair. Vitamin C cooperates in the utilization of carbohydrates and lipids, synthesis of proteins and preservation of the integrity of blood vessels. Vitamin C acts as a free-radical scavenger in synergy with vitamin A and vitamins of the complex B.